In profundal zone, there is no penetration of light, and therefore, it has no photosynthetic organisms. The limnetic zone occupies the depth up-to which the light penetrates and inhabited by planktons, nektons andneustons. The littoral zone comprises shallow water region and is occupied by rooted plants. However, in deep ponds and lakes three strata: In pond community, vertical stratification is very little. The animals living in humus soil are beetles, fly larvae, spiders, annelids, antipodes, mites, protozoans, nematodes and some springtails. The animals found above the soil include turtles, snakes, some birds, insects and a variety of mammals, such as rabbits, deer, wolves and foxes. However, most animals can move from one stratum to another in search of food or in response to many biotic factors, such as insects, snails, birds and squirrels. The nature of community of a particular habitat is determined by the species, and physical and biotic influences prevailing in the locale of community. The range of environment a species can tolerate is called its ecological amplitude. Sometimes, in the same community, there may be seasonal variation in plant species.Įach species of community has got definite range of tolerance towards the physical and biological environmental conditions of the habitat. The kinds of plants and other organisms present in a community indicate its species composition, which differs from one community to another. The organisms in a community depend upon each other as well as upon the non-living environment for food, shelter and reproduction. The number of species and abundance of population in communities also vary greatly. Characteristics of Biotic Community :Įach biotic community consists of very diverse organisms belonging to different kingdoms of living things. When similar habitat conditions are repeated at another location, the same biotic community gets established there. (ii) Co-occurrence of different species whose tolerance ranges overlap with the environmental condition obtained in that habitat. (i) Existence of diverse habitats with characteristic environmental conditions and Large number of biotic communities found in nature due to two specific reasons. The nature of relationship is determined by the requirements of the members of the community.īiotic community organisation results from interdependence and interaction among populations of different species in a habitat. However, the different species in a biotic community share a common environment and their relationships are based on direct or indirect functional interactions. Thus the most appropriate definition of biotic community- “a biotic community is a naturally occurring assemblage of plants and animals that live in the same environment, are mutually sustaining and interdependent, and are constantly fixing and dissipating energy.” It will not be able to survive for long.įor example, the sparrows require worms, insects or seeds or some other kind of food. A population of single species is not a viable entity by itself. In the natural world there is interdependence of one form of life on another. The factors that influence the living organisms are known as biotic factors. A community may be composed primarily of animals, or primarily of plants, but most communities consist of both animals and plants. Similarly, the interdependent species in any environment, such as a forest, a lawn or a desert track, constitute biotic communities.
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